The Application of Seven Communication Traditions

The Application of Seven Communication Traditions The Phenomenological Tradition It is a theory that deals with personal experience. People have a way of interpreting the things around them and coming up with a formidable experience (Griffin 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Application of Seven Communication Traditions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The attributes can develop even from the time a person is young (Adler Rodman 2003). After examining things and testing them, then one can make a personal judgment. ‘An example of personal experience is about love’ (Littlejohn Foss 2011, p.75). One can understand love by personally experiencing it. One can also gain this experience from the level of contact with something or people determine the meaning it represents to someone (Adler Rodman 2003). Language also becomes the most important vehicle for learning. It has a way of developing meanings to certain things. People experience the world b ecause of the way language expresses it to be. ‘There are things that people know because of the associated labels’ (Griffin 2009, p.210). For instance, when one buys goods that may be in a box, there are labels that indicate which side should face up (Adler Rodman 2003). For other goods, there are even labels that help the user to know which part to open. ‘The way a person interprets a message is central to the already available perception or phenomenological thought’ (Littlejohn Foss 2011, p.73). The thoughts to interpret some message become active whenever similar messages are available. It is then the process of going back to the previous personal experience and using it to interpret the present information (Craig Muller 2007). The Classical Phenomenology expresses truth through direct experience. For some information or something to be entirely true, then one has to put away any biases (Craig Muller 2007). The phenomenology of perception clarifies that people know things only because of their personal relationships to those things. In as much as the world affects people, so do people affect the world through their personal knowledge (Macnamara 2013). Hermeneutic phenomenology adds communication to this definition. It is the words and languages that cause things to have a different meaning in life (Griffin 2009). The Quitline Services Campaign is a progressive way that the government is using to reduce and or stop people from smoking (Miller 2005). The smokers can have time to talk to the campaign officials about their feelings. They can also have time to listen to what others have gone through and decide if they want to remain the same or change their behaviors.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The campaign can establish a means through which the people can assist each other through dialogue and personal as sistance to colleagues to encourage quitting (Craig Muller 2007). They can also have a forum through which the people can be writing their personal experience through social networks and the website. The Cybernetic tradition A family is not just a collection of individuals related by blood (Macnamara 2013). A family has an organized system of relating with each other. There are ways in which they interact with one another and influence each other towards making certain decisions (Craig Muller 2007). They have a way in which they communicate with family members to pass a specific message in a specific way. There are also changes that happen within and to the family after some time. They make things to change and people to behave in a certain way. Cybernetics is, therefore, the tradition of complex systems whereby the complex elements influence one another (Griffin 2009). There is the involvement of physical and biological processes. Some behavioral and social attributes also contri bute to cybernetics (Struever 2009). A system results from the contribution of very many others parts that form together something that is more than the collection of the initial parts. In a system, there is the aspect of interdependence that binds the parts together (Craig Muller 2007). One part must rely on the service of the other to make a reasonable impact. Systems also have the attribute of self-regulation and control. The reason for doing so is to maintain stability and to succeed in attains the desired goals. ‘The system can be complex and highly adaptable’ (Craig Muller 2007, p.280). When passing information, the government needs to ensure that the piece of information is highly influential so that it can erode the previous perspective no matter how strong it is (Griffin 2009). The government must not ignore the social and culture factors because they form a system that needs direct attention (Adler Rodman 2003). It may not be the best method to address indi vidual smokers, but it can be a way to form new habits in the smokers. The government can develop a new culture in the reforming and reformed smokers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Application of Seven Communication Traditions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Sociopsychological Tradition Every individual has different parts of the body that come together to make whole human beings. The interactions between these individual parts are what makes one a whole person. The same applies to the human being (Craig Muller 2007). One cannot become a solitary being without being part of a certain family, community, and or a country. The social interaction between these people is what binds them together. Persons are entities with characteristics that lead them to behave in independent ways. Most of the sociopsychological theories are cognitive. They offer guidance on how people process information (Adler Rodman 2003 ). The human mind is so powerful that it has the capability of grasping, accommodating, and changing information to make the individual to adapt to certain kind of behavior (Struever 2009). Communication scientists are still in a dilemma as to how the human mind functions. They are still doing research to come up with clear explanation. The tradition has three branches that include the behavioral, the cognitive, and the biological (Craig Muller 2007). The behavioral theories concentrate on how people behave in communication situations. There is a relationship between what one says and what one does. It guarantees repetition of behavior if there is a reward that motivates them and helps the to continue the way one behaves. The cognitive theory focuses on the patterns of thought. It is how people, acquire, store, and process information that leads to a certain behavior. The mental operations also control what one does (Griffin 2009). The biological scientists have come to believe tha t most of what people do result from the biological traits. They may not come from learning or any situational factors (Adler Rodman 2003). Dissonance can help the smoker to stop smoking. The government can find some explanations on how to make these people remodel their thoughts towards smoking (Littlejohn Foss 2011). The government can find some psychologists to work with the team so that they can understand the individual smokers before engaging them in the desired change (Adler Rodman 2003). The Sociocultural Tradition It is a tradition that puts more emphasize on the identity of a person (Adler Rodman 2003). Every individual belongs to a certain group of people.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One may be a student, a Christian, a Muslim, and a Hispanic (Craig Muller 2007). The sociocultural approaches theory appeal to the understanding of the people, their norms, and rules. They engage the people as belonging to a given culture. Community or Society comes from some connections that include communication. It is the social interactions that enable people to make meanings of things (Miller 2005). Smokers would always find a way to communicate. When they share cigarettes, they begin relationships that go a long way. Sometimes when they meet they start discussing events and matters that concern their colleagues (Carey 2009). The government can use such interactions to build new relationships and pass a strong message. Because they keep meeting other smokers during their daily routines, the message can spread far and wide (Pernot 2009). Another way is to put them into groups (Carey 2009). One group can comprise of the smokers who are unable to stop smoking because of their per sonal choice. The second one can include those who volunteer to quit smoking (Griffin 2009). Another group can be for those who have quitted and many more (Struever 2009). It would depend on how they categorize them. Those who have quit can be useful in government adverts giving others ideas on how to quit and live a healthy life (Craig Muller 2007). The Critical Tradition Critical communication theory supports the tradition by coming up with the message that gives direction on how to control tobacco (Carey 2009). It also provides messages that would reach out to the smokers to make them stop doing so. The Critical political economy theory gives the governing bodies like the governments the upper hand in stopping the habit (Littlejohn Foss 2011). In short, the government is the one with all the power and, therefore, it can control it the way it seems well. However, it must use its moral obligation in a way that it promotes good health and peace (Adler Rodman 2003). The government can use its power in a positive way to help, support, and manage the menace. It has the available media channel to do its work (Pernot 2009). Through the media, they can construct and spread new and important ideas to the people (Carey 2009). They can use symbols and pictures to force the smokers to let go of their habit. The smokers may think that they are making their personal choice (Griffin 2009). However, most of the tobacco companies have resources to counter what the government does so that they can stay relevant (Craig Muller 2007). They may challenge the government’s decision through their messages and advertisements through the same media. It is upon the government and its agencies to put forward a forceful message (Carey 2009). The Rhetorical Tradition The theory dates back to very many years I the Greek history. It has to do with using words without putting emphasize on the action that somebody should take (Littlejohn Foss 2011). Sometimes it can relate to what politicians do when they are looking for votes. It can relate to public speaking, teaching, and even preaching (Littlejohn Foss 2011). It originally was important for persuasion (Craig Muller 2007). It was an art that involved putting arguments into constructive sense and making the speech. Later it became the process of adjusting ideas to people and people to ideas. It is the human symbol. Due to adjustments, it has now evolved to include the use of symbols to affect others (Carey 2009). It focuses more on the speaker and the way the speaker says things rather what they say (Pernot 2009). The health sector may use benevolent rhetoric to help people improve their health. People, therefore, believe that the intention of the user is good (Adler Rodman 2003). There is also conversion rhetoric that can become useful to change the attitude of the people towards something (Adler Rodman 2003). It is the way the preacher or the motivational speaker can engage people to help them choose a superior position over what they have been doing (Craig Muller 2007). It could be the best method that the government can use (Struever 2009). But faced with the anticipated reaction from the smokers, it could only make matters worse (Carey 2009). There are people who would still listen and think that the information is helpful to them. Sometimes a good speech by an influential person like an opinion leader can make a difference. It is upon the government and the government agencies to formulate the policies that would guide the way forward. Some family members can be very helpful. References Adler, R Rodman, G 2003, Understanding human communication, Oxford University Press, New York. Carey, J 2009, Communication as culture, Routledge, New York. Craig, R Muller, H 2007, Theorising communication: readings across traditions, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California. Griffin, E 2009, A first look at communication theory. 7th ed. McGraw Hill, New York. Littlejohn, S Foss, K 2011, Theories of human communication. 10th ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California. Macnamara, J 2013, The 21st century media revolution: emergent communication practices. 2nd ed. Peter Lang, New York. Miller, K 2005, Communication theories: perspectives, processes and contexts. 2nd ed. McGraw Hill, Boston. Pernot, L 2009, New chapters in the history of rhetoric, Brill, Leiden. Struever, N 2009, The history of rhetoric and the rhetoric of history, Ashgate, Farnham.

The world's oceans, should ocean protected area exist Essay

The world's oceans, should ocean protected area exist - Essay Example Marine resources are so much important for the humans as â€Å"97 % of all the water on the Earth is in the oceans† (Yang) and because â€Å"71% of Earth’s surface† (Woods Hole Oceanographic) is covered by oceans. Stabilizing climate temperatures, exchanging of climate gases, and increasing biodiversity are parts of benefits that the ocean yields us. Similarly, ocean produces half of the oxygen that the humans breathe and offers a great environmental condition that keeps organisms alive and growing. As Langreth has rightly pointed out ocean offers shelter to an estimated â€Å"five million species, most of which have not yet been classified† (Langreth). However, man’s indiscriminate actions such as dumping waste materials, oils, overfishing, and noise pollutions pose great threat to the marine life in oceans. It is imperative that man protects and conserves marine life through such radical measures as the marine protected areas. It can thus be seen that implementation of marine protected areas can offer the best solution for the uncontrolled overfishing and overexploitation of marine life. In 2010 a decade-long international survey of ocean life showed that overfishing caused the disappearance of 90% of the big fishes from the oceans including the largest animal on the planet- the blue whale. More than one million species are living in ocean and they are primarily the victims of overfishing. Certain species such as bluefin tuna have already been destroyed or disappeared from the ocean. While overfishing has led to the disappearance of tens of thousands of bluefin tuna across the seas of Northern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s it has contributed to the vanishing of Halibut from the North Atlantic during the 19th century (Overfished and under-protected: Oceans on the brink of catastrophic collapse). Similarly, trawling towards is one of the methods for fishing and it is really harmful to the ocean. Bottom-trawling which involves

Should same-sex marriage be legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should same-sex marriage be legalized - Essay Example The reproduction objective of sex can be met only through the sex between a male and female whereas in order to achieve psychological pleasure, sex can be performed even without a gender barrier. Lesbianism and Gayism were established in the contemporary society because of the changing concepts about sexuality. Same sex marriage is a common thing nowadays in most of the advanced societies (See appendix for more details). The call for legalization of same sex marriage is increasing day by day. â€Å"As of Sep. 15, 2010, gay marriage is allowed in five US states (MA, CT, IA, VT, and NH) and the District of Columbia whereas 30 states have constitutional amendments banning gay marriage† (Should gay marriage be legal?). This paper critically analyses same sex marriage and tries to answer the question; â€Å"Should same sex marriage be legalized or not† â€Å"A benefit to heterosexual society of gay marriage is the fact that the commitment of a marriage means the participants are discouraged from promiscuous sex† (Bidstrup). Proponents of same sex marriage argue that sex related diseases can be reduced a lot by encouraging same sex marriage. Normal sex has little meaning in same sex marriage. In normal marriages, sex is often performed even without the mutual agreement. Either the husband or wife, at times performs sexual activities mechanically in order to satisfy the partner. Such mechanical or forceful sex relations are less in same sex marriages. Same sex married couples always perform sexual activities with the mutual consent and hence both the partners can enjoy the sexual pleasure whenever they engage in sexual activities. Sex has nothing to do with the reproduction. Reproduction has only secondary importance in sexual life considering the importance of psychological pleasure derived out of the sex activities. Psychological dimensions of sex are more important than the physiological or reproductive dimensions of sex. Sexual

Film Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Film Reaction Paper - Essay Example better and even if he knew that he would be fired and that he was bound by a confidentiality agreement, he still blew the whistle on the tobacco companies. Secondly, the character of Al Pacino, Lowell Bergman also made an ethical decision. His company CBS and the management of the program ’60 Minutes’ did not want him to air Jeffrey Wigand interview where Wigand told the truth about tobacco and cigarette smoking. He felt that the company was being manipulated by the possible lawsuit of Brown & Williamson in the event that CBS would air the Wigand interview; under this threat, Bergman protested against the actions of his management and his program. He believed that they were allowing the integrity of the program to be compromised by the rich and powerful companies. Bergman was also forced to compromise his agreement with Wigand to air the interview, and this violated the trust which Wigand placed on Bergman. In order to finally air the interview, Bergman applied some une thical practices by going to other media personalities and to have them write a story about CBS being controlled by a tobacco-company. This did not bode well for his smooth relations with his colleagues in 60 Minutes and in CBS. This eventually led to his resignation from CBS citing the fact that he could not anymore have the same integrity among his sources because he could not promise that they would not be left in the lurch after providing him with crucial information. Lastly, the acts of the heads of the tobacco company in giving false testimony to the Congress on the effects of tobacco, the intimidation tactics they applied on Wigand and his family, and the strong-arm techniques they applied to CBS and 60 Minutes are just some of the many unethical decisions and practices applied by Brown and Williamson. All in all, under these considerations, the movie illustrates clear incidents of ethical (and unethical) decision-making

Point of View in Porphyrias Lover :: Porphyrias Lover Essays

The Point of View in Porphyria's Lover      Ã‚  Ã‚   "Porphyria's Lover" is an exhilarating love story given from a lunatic's point of view.   It is the story of   a man who is so obsessed with Porphyria that he decides to keep her for himself.   The only way he feels he can keep her, though, is by killing her.   Robert Browning's poem depicts the separation of social classes and describes the "triumph" of one man over an unjust society.   As is often the case in fiction, the speaker of "Porphyria's Lover" does not give accurate information in the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The speaker is a deranged man who will stop at nothing to keep his dear Porphyria.   Although the introduction refers to the weather, it also does an effective job in describing the speaker.   In this case, it is nighttime, and the thunder is roaring.   The speaker starts by saying: "The rain set early in tonight,/The sullen wind was soon awake,/ It tore the elm-tops down for spite,/ And did its worst to vex the lake(Barnet 567):"   This description gives the reader the first glimpse of what is yet to come.   These turbulent words help give the poem a gloomy feeling.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Porphyria arrives at the speaker's cottage, she is dripping wet.   The speaker makes it an important point to describe her after her arrival.   The description of the articles of clothing that Porphyria is wearing helps the reader know that Porphyria is from an upper-class family.   She was wearing a cloak and shawl, a hat, and gloves.   It is apparent that the speaker works for Porphyria's family.   He lives in a cottage, somewhat distant from the main house.   The cottage is cold until Porphyria warms up the room with her presence and by stirring up the fire.   The way the speaker introduces Porphyria is very unique.   He states that Porphyria "glided" into the room.   With this description, the lover insinuates to the reader that the he sees Porphyria as some kind of angel who moves swiftly and gracefully across the floor.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The speaker is upset about the party going on in the main house.   Porphyria will be married soon, and he feels that if he were an upper-class citizen, Porphyria would be able to marry him.

Oedipus the King by Sophocles

Karina Lazcano Oedipus the King by Sophocles English Literature Anderson Many will argue that fate cannot be escaped in Oedipus the King by Sophocles, where the main character is portrayed as a tragic hero with a predetermined fate. Both the concept of fate and freewill played an innate part in Oedipus' downfall. The play suggests that fate dominates over free will. Oedipus never had control of his fate; the day his mother gave birth to him, his parents attempted to kill him in order to prevent the prophecy. â€Å"True: it is not from me your fate will come.That lies within Apollo’s competence, as it is his concern† (75, 159-160). Oedipus fate was the God’s will that damned him since birth. Fate mastered free will when Oedipus’ pride overruns his arrogance and leads him to leave the parents he thought were his biological parents. Only to come that his arrogance drove him closer to his biological parents and doomed by the curse of Thebes. Consequently, Soph ocles points out that as much as free will takes place, life is predetermined. Oedipus tries his best to avoid the prophecy that Teiresias predicted; that he will murder his father and marry his mother.Oedipus tried to change his fate by moving away, in reality it only brought him closer to his crossroads fate. Jean de La Fontaine once said, â€Å"A person often meets his destiny on the road he took to avoid it. † Oedipus confronts his biological father in an intersection, then killing his father with his bare hands, just as the oracle that was told to him. Killing King Laios started a new problem; Thebes was now under a new plague that leads Oedipus the King to find the murderer of the King Laios. â€Å".. The Sphinx was performing here, What help were you to these people?†¦But I came by, Oedipus, the simple man, who knows nothing- I thought it out for myself, no birds helped me! †(75, 175-182) Pride and confidence led Oedipus, the King of Thebes to guide and pro tect his people but in reality Oedipus’ free will only created a path, for which prolonged the search of the murderer of Laios. Oedipus promises that â€Å"once more [he] must bring what is dark to light† (71, 134). Creating new problem that he will save the people from the plague by finding the murderer of King Laios, in which ironically he is trying to save from himself.According to Fosso, â€Å"thebe’s plague, and have lived on in happy albeit plague-ridden ignorance†¦. his happiness would simply be that of not knowing that he had fulfilled his horrible destiny†. Even though the plague was caused by Oedipus himself he finally figured out the truth about his birth, Iocaste also figured out before her suicide that fate itself was inevitable. Even though Laios, Iocaste, and Oedipus all tried to escape their fate, it was bound to be sooner or later. Iocaste told Oedipus she was positive his fate was not to become true, because she is skeptical of prop hecies.Since at first Iocaste thought that her son was dead, she sent for his death and her husband was killed by a group of thieves but she slowly uncovers the truth and tries to slowly tie Oedipus down for comfort. â€Å"Why should anyone in this world be afraid, since fates rules us and nothing can be foreseen? A man should live only for the present day. Have no more fear of sleeping with your mother: how many men, in dreams, have lain with their mothers! No reasonable man is troubled by such things† (84, 64-69). She becomes upset of Oedipus’ attempts to find out the truth about his birth.Iocaste plays two roles in the play, as a mother and as a spouse. When Iocaste realizes that the prophecy did come true, she tries to tell him that the future does not matter. At the end Oedipus does not take in mind her advice, it is brutal for her as she knows what will happen and kills herself. Teiresias also plays a big role in the play as he has Oedipus begging for the truth. â€Å"But I say that you, with both your eyes, are blind: You cannot see the wretchedness of your life, nor in whose house you live, no, nor with whom. Who are your father and mother? Can you tell me?You do not even know the blind wrongs that you have done them but the double lash of your parents’ curse will whip you out of this land someday, with only night upon your precious eye†(75, 196-205). Tiresias predicts that Oedipus will end up blind and out of Thebes . Oedipus denies almost all of it and disrespects him. But Teiresias himself knows his inevitable fate. The play shows that fate is unavoidable without regard of the things done to avoid it. When Iocaste and Oedipus himself try to avoid the truth, Iocaste finally realizes that her ex-husband Laios, and herself could not defy fate. Everything that I say is for your own good! †(86, 147) Iocaste then tries to become a mother figure for Oedipus and intends to steer him away from his promise to the people of Th ebes. King Oedipus used his power to help him find the truth, in which he was blinded himself from. Seeking the truth was Oedipus own free will, nobody else made the decision to seek the murderer of Thebes but himself. His arrogance did not allow him to question himself. In a nutshell, Oedipus feels a sense of remorse as he realizes all the pain he has cause for his family and himself. But the blinding hand was my own! How could I bear to see when all my sight was horror everywhere? † (90, 112-13) However, now that he is blind he can now â€Å"see† his madness. At this point we see all pride, all arrogance set aside as Oedipus confesses that his freewill worked hand in hand with his fate. Oedipus was ultimately controlled by fate and not free will. Oedipus lost his wife, he lost his eyesight, and he lost his children, and lost his crown. To a certain extent, we see Oedipus downfall, his pride and arrogance led to this discovery which resulted in him losing everything th at he had.Oedipus’ overall attempt of free will to raise his level of the gods and trying to avoid his own fate failed. Works Cited Dudley, Fitts, and Fitzgerland Robert. â€Å"Oedipus the King (. 430 B. C. ). † Trans. Array. Orlando, FL: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 1977. 67-93. Print. Apr. 2013 Fosso, Kurt. â€Å"Oedipus crux: reasonable doubt in Oedipus the King. † College Literature 39. 3 (2012): 26+. Literature Resource Center. Web. Apr. 2013. Jean de La Fontaine . â€Å"A person often meets his destiny on the road he took to avoid it. † Think exist. Web. Apr 2013.

Modern Architecture in Japan and India - 1532 Words

In any well-developed region and national culture there are periods of rejection of the past and periods of revival. These periods are often reflected through architecture as architects, developers, engineers, lay people and even the national governments seek to reflect history with the inclusion of modernity, meaning modern buildings with elements of tradition as well as all the modern amenities sought by users. In an architectural sense much of the focus is on theory within the academy, while the actual development of a great deal of architecture is not produced by university trained architects. There are few better national examples than Japan and India as they seek through laws and standards as well as architectural artistic vision to reinvent the visions of the past with modern buildings that meet modern needs including infrastructural needs to express safety, convenience and ergonomics but do not deny regionalism. The greatest challenge for both India and Japan in the modern world of architecture is to define what is regional and what is modern and make it fit in a global architectural vision, without framing a loss of national identity as a natural outgrowth. In both India and Japan the architectural industry including not just university trained architects relying heavily on theory and international trends but on lay designers who often make up the bulk of national designers and builders, struggle with the marriage of international views and standards inShow MoreRelatedHow Did Ancient Greece Influence Western Civilization951 Words   |  4 Pagesmath, architecture, philosophy, sports, and drama. Without the ancient Greeks, the modern world would not be the same. Men such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle changed the way we look at philosophy. The Athenians created the first known democracy, setting the stage for future governments. 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